Panel outlines research priorities for ‘Cancer Moonshot’
President Barack Obama’s “Cancer Moonshot” now has a scientific flight plan. It calls for better cooperation among researchers and institutions, aggressive pursuit of immunotherapy and making better use of proven cancer prevention strategies. Called the Blue Ribbon Panel Report, the document was approved September 7 by the National Cancer Advisory Board, part of the National Cancer Institute.
Five months in the making, the report’s 10 recommendations for research priorities were put together by a 28-member group of cancer experts appointed last April. It’s the most specific direction yet for the moonshot (SN: 4/2/16, p. 20), launched when Obama announced the intention to make the United States “the country that cures cancer once and for all” in his State of the Union address in January. Vice President Joe Biden, whose son Beau died in 2015 from brain cancer at age 46, has been leading the charge.
If the vice president formally adopts the recommendations, they could form the foundation for research grants awarded through the National Institutes of Health. But that depends largely on the U.S. Congress providing funding for the moonshot, which has not yet happened.
The report doesn’t contain dramatic surprises and doesn’t veer far off course from current cancer research. That’s largely by design. The goal of the panel was to come up with a plan to make “10 years of progress in five years” by hastening those areas with the most promise, which also stand to affect large numbers of patients. “We want it to be a pushy evolution, not a revolution,” says Stan Gerson, director of the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center in Cleveland, who was not on the panel. “There are some things here that are right on the money where we ought to be focused.”
If there is any underlying thread to the report, it is that progress depends on greater cooperation in research and improvements in patient engagement.
“There’s not a lot new under the sun in terms of the areas they have targeted. The most important concept here with the vice president’s efforts is that he can serve as an accelerant at a time when we’re at an inflection point in treating cancer,” says Gary Gilliland, president and director of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. “Within 10 years if we don’t get to a place where we’ve got curative approaches to essentially all cancers then we’ve failed — and shame on us.”
For treatment, the report singles out immunotherapy, which harnesses a patient’s own immune system to fight cancer. The strategy is widely regarded as one of the most significant advances in cancer care, even though so far only 10 to 20 percent of patients receiving such treatments show long-term benefit. “When I speak to my patients, I tell them that the greatest risk is disappointment,” says medical oncologist David Gerber of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Nonetheless, he and others remain optimistic about immunotherapy’s potential, and he agrees with recommendations to speed up research. In proposing an immunotherapy clinical trials network, the report states that current treatments “represent only the tip of the iceberg of what is possible.”
Since the moonshot began, Biden has crisscrossed the country, touring cancer research centers, holding photo ops and meeting with doctors. In June, he presided over a cancer summit at Howard University in Washington, D.C.
One theme Biden has stressed at these events — and was reflected in the panel’s report — is the need for better data sharing. Traditionally, raw scientific data remains the property of the institutions and researchers who conduct studies. But this can impede collaboration — between institutions or across disciplines — and make it harder to find patterns within genetics and biology that might reveal how cancer appears and grows. The new report acknowledges the problem with research silos, stating that “our ability to accelerate progress against cancer demands that researchers, clinicians and patients across the country collaborate in sharing their collective data and knowledge about the disease.” Among the recommendations is the creation of a National Cancer Data Ecosystem, a one-stop, free collection of data that will allow patients to upload and receive data about their specific type of tumor.
While Obama heralded the moonshot as a cure for cancer, Gerson, from the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, would also like to see more scientists take on less flashy issues, finding better ways to save lives in known ways. Among them: “How do we get people to stop smoking?” he says. “We’re not doing it well.”
Tyler Jacks, the report cochair and director of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, said during a news conference that the panel recognizes that progress against cancer is about “emphasizing the use of known prevention strategies. It’s not just about treatment.” In discussing prevention, the report notes low rates of adoption for the human papillomavirus vaccine, which protects against the virus that causes cervical and other cancers, and for colorectal cancer, or CRC, screening. “If we understood better the reasons these proven cancer prevention strategies are not being widely used and how we could increase uptake of these strategies,” the report states, “we could reduce deaths due to cervical cancer by 90 percent, CRC by up to 70 percent and lung cancer by as much as 95 percent.” The authors also note that many people carry inherited genetic risks for cancer and don’t know it, and improved screening for genetic predisposition could save lives.
What happens to the moonshot after this year depends largely on Congress. The report will eventually be forwarded to the vice president and the moonshot task force he oversees. The panel did not say how much the recommendations would cost. But in his budget request for fiscal year 2017, Obama asked for $680 million for additional funding to pay for the moonshot.
The panel members confined themselves to scientific matters but noted that barriers to cancer progress are not just about research. Disparities keep many patients from getting treatments today, much less improvements coming tomorrow. “The one concern I have is that they put off the side policy issues as being out of scope for the Blue Ribbon Panel. I think it’s appropriate, but in the end it’s the policy issues that are going to determine the success of the entire program,” says Gilliland. “How do you get coverage and reimbursement? How do you ensure privacy if you’re sequencing everybody’s genome? How do you address access to clinical trials? Those are some of the very hardest problems, and if we don’t solve them it’s not going to matter how clever we are in the laboratory or how sensitive our techniques are for early detection.”